The Severity and Predictors of Uncontrolled Hypertension in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes among Different States: A Cross-Sectional Research

The purpose of current study was to evaluate the severity and predictors of uncontrolled hypertension in individuals with T2DM living in various states. A cross-sectional study was carried out in multiple settings in Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Ireland between September 10th 2023 and August 17, 2024. The source population consisted of all adult HTN patients with T2DM who visited hospitals and clinics during study period and met inclusion criteria. The study included adults with HTN in combination of T2DM patients who were willing to participate and signed informed consent, came for follow-up, was taking anti-hypertensive medications for six months. 417 hypertensive T2DM individuals were included in study, accounting for a 10% contingency. The method of systematic random sampling was applied. In order to conduct analysis, SPSS version 26 was used. Analysis of binary logistic regression was done in both univariate and multivariate forms. In the multivariate binary logistic regression analysis, variables that performed better on the univariate binary logistic regression analysis (p-value < 0.25) were considered. Out of the total number of patients, 49% were men and 51% were women. The majority of the Pakistani study respondents, or 58%, were older than 60. 42.0% of the survey respondents from Pakistan got through their secondary education, and 81.3% did not have a job. 39 percent of Pakistanis had an ancestral connection with high blood pressure. In Pakistan, 79% of the study respondents have uncontrolled glucose levels, compared to 54.3% in Ireland. Nephropathy affected 57.0 percent of the individuals with problems in Pakistan, 50% in Ireland, and 9.0% in Bangladesh. 52.8% of research participants demonstrated a high level of understanding on HTN in Pakistan. More than the people in the other two countries, Pakistanis exhibit predictors or severity of hypertension in T2DM patients. Only over one-third of the study respondents obtained BP control, which was unsatisfactory. Uncontrolled blood pressure was more common among hypertensive T2DM patients under 60 years old, obese, noncompliant with medication and lifestyle changes, and with longer follow-up intervals.