UTILIZATION OF PPG SIGNALS AS THE KEY TO NON-INVASIVE BLOOD GLUCOSE MONITORING TECHNOLOGY: A SCOPING REVIEW

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) presents significant health risks to both pregnant women and their fetuses. Early detection and regular monitoring of blood glucose levels are essential for managing these conditions. However, traditional invasive methods can be uncomfortable and may reduce patient compliance, highlighting the need for non-invasive alternatives such as photoplethysmography (PPG) technology. The aim of this scoping review is to identifying and analyzing various non-invasive technological innovations that utilize PPG signals to monitor blood glucose levels in diabetic patients. A systematic search was conducted through the ProQuest, PubMed, and Scopus databases using the keywords "non-invasive", "glucose", "PPG", "diabetes", and "gestational". Relevant articles were selected based on predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were then extracted, grouped, and analyzed. Results: Based on the search results, 6 (six) articles that met the criteria were identified and analyzed. The results of the analysis showed that the use of non-invasive blood glucose examination based on PPG is a promising alternative for people with DM, in-ear devices have the most significant impact on patient. Non-invasive blood glucose examination technology based on PPG has the potential to improve compliance with people with DM in regular blood glucose monitoring. This method offers a more convenient and acceptable approach for patients, which can improve overall Diabetes management.